![]() On the contrary, in shape or functional transformation through the 4D process, most of the 3D printed structures remain intact that is, the 3D fabricated structures are the carrier of the shape or functionality shift as a product of the material properties of the print medium. A point of critique in this argument is that the 3D printed structures noted above completely disappear in the dynamic processes. If biodegradation is included as a tunable mechanism of incorporating a time-dependent effect, 3D printing of timed-release therapeutics and other biodegradable structures fall under 4D printing. 3D printing has demonstrated great potential in biomedical fields. One argument in this field is whether controlled degradation of 3D printed constructs can be classified as a 4D effect, a claim noted in some articles. 3D printing of shape memory materials is reported as novel 4D printing in recent articles this is becoming a new, and rapidly expanding, research area in 4D printing. Shape memory materials have the inherent capacity to fix a temporary shape and recover their permanent structure under suitable stimuli, which is extremely similar in principle with the 4D dynamic process. Most 4D structures are developed by incorporating shape transformation within material/structural design, which contributes to the 4D definition: 3D printing of objects which can, immediately after printing, self-transform in form or function when exposed to a predetermined stimulus, including osmotic pressure, exposure to heat, current, ultraviolet light, or other energy sources. Four dimensional (4D) printing was first introduced in 2013 and immediately spurred great attention in various research areas including, but not limited to, smart materials and biomedical research.
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